When China lured Japan into urban combat in 1937, the result revealed the Empire’s strengths—and its liabilities. All throughout the 1930s, Japan pecked at China, provoking “incidents,” demanding apologies, brandishing ultimatums, and seizing terrain. Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, leader of China’s ruling Nationalist Party, kowtowed to each aggression, surrendering sovereignty and chunks of territory—Manchuria in 1931, …
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