Confined Indian Chiefs and Warriors Recorded Their Changing Lives on Paper

As buffalo hides disappeared, ledgers became their medium. In the latter half of the 19th century two developing realities changed how the Plains Indians recorded their history and culture. First and foremost, these Indians—Lakotas, Cheyennes, Arapahos, Comanches, Kiowas and others— found themselves in escalating conflict with the U.S. government. The inevitable outcome was forced settlement …

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