Selasa, 31 Oktober 2017

November 01, 1512: Sistine Chapel ceiling opens to public

The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome, one of Italian artist Michelangelo’s finest works, is exhibited to the public for the first time.

Michelangelo Buonarroti, the greatest of the Italian Renaissance artists, was born in the small village of Caprese in 1475. The son of a government administrator, he grew up in Florence, a center of the early Renaissance movement, and became an artist’s apprentice at age 13. Demonstrating obvious talent, he was taken under the wing of Lorenzo de’ Medici, the ruler of the Florentine republic and a great patron of the arts. After demonstrating his mastery of sculpture in such works as the Pieta (1498) and David (1504), he was called to Rome in 1508 to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel—the chief consecrated space in the Vatican.

Michelangelo’s epic ceiling frescoes, which took several years to complete, are among his most memorable works. Central in a complex system of decoration featuring numerous figures are nine panels devoted to biblical world history. The most famous of these is The Creation of Adam, a painting in which the arms of God and Adam are stretching toward each other. In 1512, Michelangelo completed the work.

After 15 years as an architect in Florence, Michelangelo returned to Rome in 1534, where he would work and live for the rest of his life. That year saw his painting of the The Last Judgment on the wall above the altar in the Sistine Chapel for Pope Paul III. The massive painting depicts Christ’s damnation of sinners and blessing of the virtuous and is regarded as a masterpiece of early Mannerism.

Michelangelo worked until his death in 1564 at the age of 88. In addition to his major artistic works, he produced numerous other sculptures, frescoes, architectural designs, and drawings, many of which are unfinished and some of which are lost. In his lifetime, he was celebrated as Europe’s greatest living artist, and today he is held up as one of the greatest artists of all time, as exalted in the visual arts as William Shakespeare is in literature or Ludwig van Beethoven is in music.



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Daily Quiz for November 1, 2017

Dennis Tito, the first “space tourist” paid this much for his flight to the International Space Station.

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Hallowed Ground: The Reichswald, Germany

The 1945 Battle of the Reichswald was for Anglo-Canadian forces what the earlier Battle of the Hürtgen Forest had been for American troops. The British attack through the densely wooded and tenaciously defended northern sector of the Siegfried Line (aka Westwall) only lasted from February 8 to March 11. But in those four short weeks …

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Military History Review: Images of U.S. Grant

“Images of U.S. Grant: The Soldier” Through April 2012 Galena History Museum 211 S. Bench St., Galena, Ill. (815) 777-9129 http://ift.tt/2zVat6l Mediocrity plagued Ulysses S. Grant for much of his life: 21st in a class of 39 at West Point; an unsung quartermaster during the Mexican War; in and out of debt. He was working …

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Military History Book Review: Wellington’s Two-Front War

Wellington’s Two-Front War: The Peninsular Campaigns, at Home and Abroad, 1808–1814 by Joshua Moon, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 2011 $34.95 When Sir Arthur Wellesley, future Duke of Wellington, arrived in Portugal as temporary commander of a small British expeditionary force, he knew he would face not only the French army but also the suspicions …

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Military History Book Review: Neptune’s Inferno

Neptune’s Inferno: The U.S. Navy at Guadalcanal by James D. Hornfischer, Bantam, New York, 2011, $30 The U.S. Marine landings on Guadalcanal on Aug. 7, 1942, marked the United States’ first land-based offensive against Japan—or any Axis power, for that matter. It was also the largest, most complex combined military operation the United States had …

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Military History Book Review: Manstein

Manstein: Hitler’s Greatest General by Mungo Melvin, Thomas Dunne Books, New York, 2011, $37.50 This is the first American edition of Maj. Gen. Mungo Melvin’s comprehensive biography of World War II German Field Marshal Erich von Manstein, originally published in Great Britain in 2010 to widespread critical acclaim. A Russian edition is scheduled for 2012—not …

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Wild Irish Geese

Driven from their homeland by centuries of English domination, Irish soldiers went to war under may flags. Ireland has been called the land of happy wars and sad love songs—the land whose sons have shed blood around the world for every cause but their own. A mythology has grown up around these exiles of Erin, …

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What Lady Butler Knew

The Victorian-era artist never saw a battle, but her paintings show a deep knowledge of the soldiers’ plight. Among the most widely reproduced cautionary images during the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan a decade ago was a classic of 19th century British military art entitled Remnants of an Army. Painted in 1879, at the height of …

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‘Colonial School’ Warfare

Counterinsurgency doctrine was born in the European age of imperialism. COIN—a counterinsurgency doctrine whose principles were first delineated by the RAND Corporation in 1958 and enshrined in the 2006 U.S. Army Field Manual 3-24, Counterinsurgency—has staked a claim to become the new American way of war in the age of global counterinsurgency. Indeed, in a …

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Crimean Fiasco: Battle of the Alma

Incompetence, stupidity and arrogance trumped bravery and technological innovation in the first truly modern war. Two world wars have obscured the huge scale and enormous human cost of the Crimean War. Today it is almost forgotten. Even in the countries that took part in it (Russia, Britain, France, Piedmont-Sardinia in Italy and the Ottoman Empire, …

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America’s Finest General

George C. Marshall’s long slog through the ranks took him to power, victory and greatness—five starts, international acclaim and a Nobel Prize. There is a theory about the affairs of men that great leaders appear when we need them the most, that events seem to summon them in some mysterious way. The United States has …

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Decisions: Lionheart’s Crossroads

On July 4, 1187, disaster struck the Christian world. That day Muslim and Christian armies battled on a plateau by an extinct volcano called the Horns of Hattin, near the Sea of Galilee. The Christian crusaders fought desperately but eventually surrendered. The relic of the True Cross, which they had carried into battle, fell into …

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What We Learned: from the Battle of 73 Easting

On Feb. 26, 1991, the three ground squadrons of the U.S. 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment were part of the Allied effort to retake Kuwait from Iraq. The 2nd ACR’s mission was to establish contact with the main Iraqi Republican Guard defenses, determine the enemy’s strength, find or create weakness and pull the following Allied heavy …

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The Other Franco

The future Spanish dictator’s brother blazed a trail across the South Atlantic but failed to attain his ultimate goal of a round-the-world flight. Early on January 22, 1926, the Spanish air force Dornier J Wal flying boat Plus Ultra swooped low in salute around the Christopher Columbus monument at Huelva in southwest Spain. Minutes earlier, it …

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Valor: Ambush on the Washita

William Koelpin  U.S. Army Medal of Honor Upper Washita River, Texas Sept. 9, 1874 On Sept. 9, 1874, Sergeant William Koelpin found himself on a knoll near Texas’ Upper Washita River, tending to his 14 men and dashing to and from the nearest water hole, all under fire from Kiowa and Comanche Indians. Though Prussian …

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President vs. Press: How JFK tried to stop the news 

In 1962, JFK tried to kill CBS and NBC news specials about tunnels under the Berlin Wall 

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Valley of Despair: The hardships of war strained Southern patriotism

In the months that followed the July 1863 Battle of Gettysburg, the Confederacy saw its capacities weakening dramatically. In every community and in every regiment, people asked how much more they could, should, or would give to an imperiled cause.

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The Battles of Firebase Six-Shooter

Enemy commandos attack a Marine outpost, are pushed back and attack again

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Poetry | Of Soldiers and Generals

Li Bai (701–762) is widely regarded as China’s greatest poet. In 756 he became unofficial poet laureate to Prince Li Lin, the 16th of Emperor Xuanzong’s 30 sons, who tried to seize power in an unsuccessful uprising against the Tang dynasty. The prince, accused of trying to establish an independent kingdom, was executed; Li Bai …

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Senin, 30 Oktober 2017

Mystery Ship: January 2018

Can you identify this unusual raceplane? Click here for the answer!

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Mystery Ship: January 2018

Nieuport-Delage NiD.37 Designed by E. Dieudonné, the Nieuport-Delage NiD.37 was a contender for the 1922 Coupe Deutsch race, as well as the next generation of French fighters. Its fuselage, like that of the successful NiD.29 biplane, was a monocoque shell made from spiral-wound tulipwood, covered in varnished fabric. It was sometimes referred to as a …

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October 31, 1517: Martin Luther posts 95 theses

On this day in 1517, the priest and scholar Martin Luther approaches the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany, and nails a piece of paper to it containing the 95 revolutionary opinions that would begin the Protestant Reformation.

In his theses, Luther condemned the excesses and corruption of the Roman Catholic Church, especially the papal practice of asking payment—called “indulgences”—for the forgiveness of sins. At the time, a Dominican priest named Johann Tetzel, commissioned by the Archbishop of Mainz and Pope Leo X, was in the midst of a major fundraising campaign in Germany to finance the renovation of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome. Though Prince Frederick III the Wise had banned the sale of indulgences in Wittenberg, many church members traveled to purchase them. When they returned, they showed the pardons they had bought to Luther, claiming they no longer had to repent for their sins.

Luther’s frustration with this practice led him to write the 95 Theses, which were quickly snapped up, translated from Latin into German and distributed widely. A copy made its way to Rome, and efforts began to convince Luther to change his tune. He refused to keep silent, however, and in 1521 Pope Leo X formally excommunicated Luther from the Catholic Church. That same year, Luther again refused to recant his writings before the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V of Germany, who issued the famous Edict of Worms declaring Luther an outlaw and a heretic and giving permission for anyone to kill him without consequence. Protected by Prince Frederick, Luther began working on a German translation of the Bible, a task that took 10 years to complete.

The term “Protestant” first appeared in 1529, when Charles V revoked a provision that allowed the ruler of each German state to choose whether they would enforce the Edict of Worms. A number of princes and other supporters of Luther issued a protest, declaring that their allegiance to God trumped their allegiance to the emperor. They became known to their opponents as Protestants; gradually this name came to apply to all who believed the Church should be reformed, even those outside Germany. By the time Luther died, of natural causes, in 1546, his revolutionary beliefs had formed the basis for the Protestant Reformation, which would over the next three centuries revolutionize Western civilization.



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Daily Quiz for October 31, 2017

The term “the first 100 days” as a measure of presidential success was first coined by this man.

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Minggu, 29 Oktober 2017

October 30, 1938: Welles scares nation

Orson Welles causes a nationwide panic with his broadcast of “War of the Worlds”—a realistic radio dramatization of a Martian invasion of Earth.

Orson Welles was only 23 years old when his Mercury Theater company decided to update H.G. Wells’ 19th-century science fiction novel War of the Worlds for national radio. Despite his age, Welles had been in radio for several years, most notably as the voice of “The Shadow” in the hit mystery program of the same name. “War of the Worlds” was not planned as a radio hoax, and Welles had little idea of the havoc it would cause.

The show began on Sunday, October 30, at 8 p.m. A voice announced: “The Columbia Broadcasting System and its affiliated stations present Orson Welles and the Mercury Theater on the air in ‘War of the Worlds’ by H.G. Wells.”

Sunday evening in 1938 was prime-time in the golden age of radio, and millions of Americans had their radios turned on. But most of these Americans were listening to ventriloquist Edgar Bergen and his dummy “Charlie McCarthy” on NBC and only turned to CBS at 8:12 p.m. after the comedy sketch ended and a little-known singer went on. By then, the story of the Martian invasion was well underway.

Welles introduced his radio play with a spoken introduction, followed by an announcer reading a weather report. Then, seemingly abandoning the storyline, the announcer took listeners to “the Meridian Room in the Hotel Park Plaza in downtown New York, where you will be entertained by the music of Ramon Raquello and his orchestra.” Putrid dance music played for some time, and then the scare began. An announcer broke in to report that “Professor Farrell of the Mount Jenning Observatory” had detected explosions on the planet Mars. Then the dance music came back on, followed by another interruption in which listeners were informed that a large meteor had crashed into a farmer’s field in Grovers Mills, New Jersey.

Soon, an announcer was at the crash site describing a Martian emerging from a large metallic cylinder. “Good heavens,” he declared, “something’s wriggling out of the shadow like a gray snake. Now here’s another and another one and another one. They look like tentacles to me … I can see the thing’s body now. It’s large, large as a bear. It glistens like wet leather. But that face, it… it … ladies and gentlemen, it’s indescribable. I can hardly force myself to keep looking at it, it’s so awful. The eyes are black and gleam like a serpent. The mouth is kind of V-shaped with saliva dripping from its rimless lips that seem to quiver and pulsate.”

The Martians mounted walking war machines and fired “heat-ray” weapons at the puny humans gathered around the crash site. They annihilated a force of 7,000 National Guardsman, and after being attacked by artillery and bombers the Martians released a poisonous gas into the air. Soon “Martian cylinders” landed in Chicago and St. Louis. The radio play was extremely realistic, with Welles employing sophisticated sound effects and his actors doing an excellent job portraying terrified announcers and other characters. An announcer reported that widespread panic had broken out in the vicinity of the landing sites, with thousands desperately trying to flee. In fact, that was not far from the truth.

Perhaps as many as a million radio listeners believed that a real Martian invasion was underway. Panic broke out across the country. In New Jersey, terrified civilians jammed highways seeking to escape the alien marauders. People begged police for gas masks to save them from the toxic gas and asked electric companies to turn off the power so that the Martians wouldn’t see their lights. One woman ran into an Indianapolis church where evening services were being held and yelled, “New York has been destroyed! It’s the end of the world! Go home and prepare to die!”

When news of the real-life panic leaked into the CBS studio, Welles went on the air as himself to remind listeners that it was just fiction. There were rumors that the show caused suicides, but none were ever confirmed.

The Federal Communications Commission investigated the program but found no law was broken. Networks did agree to be more cautious in their programming in the future. Orson Welles feared that the controversy generated by “War of the Worlds” would ruin his career. In fact, the publicity helped land him a contract with a Hollywood studio, and in 1941 he directed, wrote, produced, and starred in Citizen Kane—a movie that many have called the greatest American film ever made.



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Daily Quiz for October 30, 2017

The BBC banned this Star Trek: The Next Generation episode from free broadcast TV for 27 years.

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Sabtu, 28 Oktober 2017

October 29, 1998: John Glenn returns to space

Nearly four decades after he became the first American to orbit the Earth, Senator John Hershel Glenn, Jr., is launched into space again as a payload specialist aboard the space shuttle Discovery. At 77 years of age, Glenn was the oldest human ever to travel in space. During the nine-day mission, he served as part of a NASA study on health problems associated with aging.

Glenn, a lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Marine Corps, was among the seven men chosen by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1959 to become America’s first astronauts. A decorated pilot, he had flown nearly 150 combat missions during World War II and the Korean War. In 1957, he made the first nonstop supersonic flight across the United States, flying from Los Angeles to New York in three hours and 23 minutes.

In April 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin was the first man in space, and his spacecraft, Vostok 1, made a full orbit before returning to Earth. Less than one month later, American Alan B. Shepard, Jr., became the first American in space when his Freedom 7 spacecraft was launched on a suborbital flight. American “Gus” Grissom made another suborbital flight in July, and in August Soviet cosmonaut Gherman Titov spent more than 25 hours in space aboard Vostok 2, making 17 orbits. As a technological power, the United States was looking very much second-rate compared with its Cold War adversary. If the Americans wanted to dispel this notion, they needed a multi-orbital flight before another Soviet space advance arrived.

On February 20, 1962, NASA and Colonel John Glenn accomplished this feat with the flight of Friendship 7, a spacecraft that made three orbits of the Earth in five hours. Glenn was hailed as a national hero, and on February 23 President John F. Kennedy visited him at Cape Canaveral. Glenn later addressed Congress and was given a ticker-tape parade in New York City.

Out of a reluctance to risk the life of an astronaut as popular as Glenn, NASA essentially grounded the “Clean Marine” in the years after his historic flight. Frustrated with this uncharacteristic lack of activity, Glenn turned to politics and in 1964 announced his candidacy for the U.S. Senate from his home state of Ohio and formally left NASA. Later that year, however, he withdrew his Senate bid after seriously injuring his inner ear in a fall from a horse. In 1970, following a stint as a Royal Crown Cola executive, he ran for the Senate again but lost the Democratic nomination to Howard Metzenbaum. Four years later, he defeated Metzenbaum, won the general election, and went on to win reelection three times. In 1984, he unsuccessfully sought the Democratic nomination for president.

In 1998, Glenn attracted considerable media attention when he returned to space aboard the space shuttle Discovery. In 1999, he retired from his U.S. Senate seat after four consecutive terms in office, a record for the state of Ohio.



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Daily Quiz for October 29, 2017

On December 16, 1944 this man was promoted to America’s first General of the Army (Five Star General).

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Jumat, 27 Oktober 2017

October 28, 1965: Gateway Arch completed

On this day in 1965, construction is completed on the Gateway Arch, a spectacular 630-foot-high parabola of stainless steel marking the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial on the waterfront of St. Louis, Missouri.

The Gateway Arch, designed by Finnish-born, American-educated architect Eero Saarinen, was erected to commemorate President Thomas Jefferson’s Louisiana Purchase of 1803 and to celebrate St. Louis’ central role in the rapid westward expansion that followed. As the market and supply point for fur traders and explorers—including the famous Meriwether Lewis and William Clark—the town of St. Louis grew exponentially after the War of 1812, when great numbers of people began to travel by wagon train to seek their fortunes west of the Mississippi River. In 1947-48, Saarinen won a nationwide competition to design a monument honoring the spirit of the western pioneers. In a sad twist of fate, the architect died of a brain tumor in 1961 and did not live to see the construction of his now-famous arch, which began in February 1963. Completed in October 1965, the Gateway Arch cost less than $15 million to build. With foundations sunk 60 feet into the ground, its frame of stressed stainless steel is built to withstand both earthquakes and high winds. An internal tram system takes visitors to the top, where on a clear day they can see up to 30 miles across the winding Mississippi and to the Great Plains to the west. In addition to the Gateway Arch, the Jefferson Expansion Memorial includes the Museum of Westward Expansion and the Old Courthouse of St. Louis, where two of the famous Dred Scott slavery cases were heard in the 1860s.

Today, some 4 million people visit the park each year to wander its nearly 100 acres, soak up some history and take in the breathtaking views from Saarinen’s gleaming arch.



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Daily Quiz for October 28, 2017

On April 27, 1805 US Marines attacked and captured this city.

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FILM RECON: “Thank You For Your Service” review

SNAPSHOT: “Thank You For Your Service” takes an empathetic approach to some of the challenges that servicemen face upon returning home from Iraq in 2007-2008. By portraying both their internal struggles as well as those of their families, the film will likely create an opportunity for dialogue about these significant challenges. ON TARGET: Despite the …

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FILM RECON Interview: Adam Schumann on “Thank You For Your Service”

Adam Schumann, 36, served with 2nd Battalion, 16th Infantry Regiment in Iraq during 2007-2008. He was one of the soldiers profiled in journalist David Finkel’s 2013 book, Thank You For Your Service. Schumann inspired the main character (played by actor Miles Teller) in Dreamworks’ feature film adaptation of the same name. He spoke to Senior Editor …

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Bill, Willie, and Joe

The artist made two dogfaces world-famous, and they did the same for him

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What We Learned From… Nagashino, 1575

On June 28, 1575, in central Honshu, Japan, warlord Nobunaga Oda led a force of 38,000 Oda and Tokugawa clan troops to break Katsuyori Takeda’s siege of Nagashino Castle, defended by Tokugawa warrior Sadamasa Okudaira. With his tactics Oda changed the face of Japanese warfare. Head of the Takeda clan, known for its mounted samurai …

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Behind the Lines | Train Man

When the Continental Army captured a huge cache of British artillery at Fort Ticonderoga, George Washington turned to Henry Knox to get them to Boston. It would have been easy to feel sorry for young Henry Knox in 1758. With the colonial economy sinking into depression, his father’s successful shipbuilding business in Boston had begun …

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Kamis, 26 Oktober 2017

October 27, 1904: New York City subway opens

At 2:35 on the afternoon of October 27, 1904, New York City Mayor George McClellan takes the controls on the inaugural run of the city’s innovative new rapid transit system: the subway.

While London boasts the world’s oldest underground train network (opened in 1863) and Boston built the first subway in the United States in 1897, the New York City subway soon became the largest American system. The first line, operated by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT), traveled 9.1 miles through 28 stations. Running from City Hall in lower Manhattan to Grand Central Terminal in midtown, and then heading west along 42nd Street to Times Square, the line finished by zipping north, all the way to 145th Street and Broadway in Harlem. On opening day, Mayor McClellan so enjoyed his stint as engineer that he stayed at the controls all the way from City Hall to 103rd Street.

At 7 p.m. that evening, the subway opened to the general public, and more than 100,000 people paid a nickel each to take their first ride under Manhattan. IRT service expanded to the Bronx in 1905, to Brooklyn in 1908 and to Queens in 1915. Since 1968, the subway has been controlled by the Metropolitan Transport Authority (MTA). The system now has 26 lines and 468 stations in operation; the longest line, the 8th Avenue “A” Express train, stretches more than 32 miles, from the northern tip of Manhattan to the far southeast corner of Queens.

Every day, some 4.5 million passengers take the subway in New York. With the exception of the PATH train connecting New York with New Jersey and some parts of Chicago’s elevated train system, New York’s subway is the only rapid transit system in the world that runs 24 hours a day, seven days a week. No matter how crowded or dirty, the subway is one New York City institution few New Yorkers—or tourists—could do without.



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Daily Quiz for October 27, 2017

In 1880, Francis D. Clarke and M.G. Foster were issued the first US patent for this kind of device.

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Hallowed Ground: Bosworth Field, England

The premature death of England’s King Henry V in 1422 left a power vacuum that in the Middle Ages could have but one result—civil war. For a time a regency council ruled in the stead of the infant Henry VI, with only minor squabbling among the powerful lords. But a series of military defeats in …

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Hannibal’s Big Mistake

In the Second Punic War the great Carthaginian general repeatedly defeated Rome’s best armies—but still lost. In November 218 BC, after invading Italy, Carthaginian military commander Hannibal defeated a Roman cavalry force at the Ticinus River. A month later he destroyed a Roman consular army at the Trebbia River before retiring to Bononia (modern-day Bologna) …

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In the Cause of Human Freedom

Tadeusz Kosciuszko fought for independence in America and Poland. When Congress established the Continental Army on June 14, 1775, few observers could have guessed it would ultimately evolve into one of history’s most powerful armies. Most of the fledgling force’s new officers were gentlemen farmers, and most of its soldiers had no formal military training. …

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Tripoli Pirates Foiled

When corsair demanded gold from America in return for peace at sea, Thomas Jefferson sent warships instead. Among the many words we might use to describe Thomas Jefferson, bellicose is not the first that springs to mind. Eloquent, enlightened, statesmanlike, sometimes wise, often enigmatic, yes, but not bellicose. During the American Revolution, as governor of …

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10 Great POW Escapes

Capture is an occupational hazard for soldiers and escape is a POW’s duty—some even succeed with imagination and style. Everyone loves a great escape. In the civilian world even the nastiest criminal gets our grudging respect for busting out. And prisoners of war, enemies as well as allies, are doubly admired for seeking freedom. After …

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Decisions: Hitler’s Halt Order

World War II is replete with decisive moments, from Adolf Hitler’s decision to attack Poland in 1939 to President Harry S. Truman’s 1945 decision to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima. But General Heinz Guderian, Germany’s master tank commander, identified a decision made on May 24, 1940, as one that had the “most disastrous influence …

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What We Learned: from the Battle of Veracruz

Entering the White House in 1913, President Woodrow Wilson had one eye on the simmering turmoil in Europe and the other on a problem closer to home—in Mexico, where a chaotic civil war threatened American lives and business interests. In February 1913 General Victoriano Huerta imprisoned Mexican President Francisco Madero and assumed power. Madero faced …

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Valor: Hero at the Controls

Arthur Aaron Royal Air Force Victoria Cross Turin, Italy Aug. 12–13, 1943 In 2001 the citizens of Leeds, England, erected a bronze statue in honor of Acting Flight Sergeant Arthur Louis Aaron, an RAF bomber pilot and Leeds’ only World War II Victoria Cross winner. Unveiled by the last survivor of Aaron’s crew, the statue …

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Aviators: Flyboy Faulkner

William Faulkner’s love of aviation comes through in his writing. In the summer of 1918, when he was 20, William Faulkner traveled to Canada a Force. He spent six months in flight and talked his way into the Royal Air training, but the November 11 armistice brought an end to the young cadet’s dreams of …

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Extremes: Amerika Bombers

Germany tried to develop airplanes capable of bombing the United States, but they couldn’t go the distance. Before World War II, Adolf Hitler and his advisers built a tactical air force— dive bombers, ground-attack mud movers, medium bombers for short-  range missions, air-superiority fighters and bomber destroyers. For a long time there were no strategic …

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Restored: Northrop’s Norwegian Seaplane

Built to defend Norway’s fjords, the N-3PB ended up flying maritime missions out of Iceland after the Nazi invasion. The Northrop Aircraft Company is best known today for its radical flying wing designs, including the B-35 and B-49 bombers of the late 1940s as well as the U.S. Air Force’s current cutting-edge B-2 stealth bomber. …

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Milestones: Da Vinci’s Dream Realized

When University of Toronto engineering students recently demonstrated a man-powered ornithopter, they joined a long line of bird imitators, stretching back to ancient Greece and China. Unlike earlier experimenters, the students can cite telemetry data to prove their man-powered machine, the Snowbird, wasn’t merely gliding, and that it sustained altitude and airspeed for 19.3 seconds …

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Aviation History Briefing- January 2011

Helldiver Recovered in California Though 6,299 Helldivers were manufactured by U.S. and Canadian factories, the Curtiss SB2C is today one of the rarest of all major U.S. aircraft types to see combat during World War II. Only the Vought Vindicator and Douglas Devastator (none survive), Martin Mariner (one) and P-61 Black Widow and P-63 Kingcobra …

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January 2018 Table of Contents

The January 2018 issue features a cover story about John Barry, widely acknowledged "Father of the U.S. Navy"

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January 2018 Readers’ Letters

Readers sound off about the Reconquista of Iberia from Islamic invaders, the 1781 Anglo-French Battle of Jersey, a tank at Khe Sanh, Vietnam, and General Douglas MacArthur

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Book Review: A Few Planes for China

Eugenie Buchan explores the origins and exploits of the Flying Tigers in China during World War II

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Book Review: Churchill

Brian Lavery profiles future British Prime Minister Winston Churchill's military career through World War II

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Book Review: Russia’s Last Gasp

Prit Buttar presents the third of his exhaustively researched four-volume set on the World War I Eastern Front

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Book Review: The Fear and the Freedom

Keith Lowe considers ways in which the world remains in the long shadow of World War II

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Book Review: Hannibal’s Oath

John Prevas present a readable, entertaining biography of Hannibal for the lay person

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Book Review: The Ghost Ship of Brooklyn

Robert Watson relates the harrowing story of a British prison ship off Brooklyn during the American Revolutionary War

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Book Review: The Locomotive of War

Peter Clarke explores the idiosyncrasies of Anglo-American warmaking in World War I

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Book Review: The Templars

Dan Jones peers behind the veil of the secretive Crusades-era Knights Templar

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November 2017 Table of Contents

The November 2017 issue features a cover story about the 1781 Anglo-French battle for the Channel Island of Jersey

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Books in Brief | The Nightmare of the Mekong

The Nightmare of the Mekong: A True History of Love, Family and the War in Vietnam, Terry M. Sater, $22 In a gritty personal account written by author Terry M. Sater, a sailor who manned automatic weapons during the Vietnam War, The Nightmare of the Mekong depicts the intense combat on the rivers, streams, and canals …

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Rabu, 25 Oktober 2017

U.S. Army Captain Gary Rose Awarded Medal of Honor

U.S. Army Captain Gary M. Rose was awarded the Medal of Honor during a ceremony in the East Room of the White House in Washington, DC on Monday, October 23, 2017. Rose, a Special Forces combat medic during the Vietnam War, treated 16 of his fellow Soldiers during Operation Tailwind, a four day mission in …

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The River Ran Red

When wary Zulus massacred a party of unarmed Boer settlers, the Afrikaners mounted a punitive campaign into the heart of the warrior kingdom

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R621 Gruppenstand

The Gruppenstand was Germany's primary bombproof personnel bunker along the Atlantic Wall

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Paul Golz: A German View of D-Day

The June 6, 1944, landings at Normandy — from a German perspective

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Aviators: Chinese-American Ace

After surviving a horrific cockpit fire, Art Chin continued serving in defense of his ancestral homeland. In his later years, acquaintances said it was difficult to tell Art Chin’s age; most of his face had been burned away in a fiery shootdown, and the scar tissue covering it was smoother than his natural skin would …

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Extremes: Britain’s Big Bumble

The British Aircraft Corporation spent billions developing the TSR-2 for a multi-role mission that even today remains unattainable. One of the most misguided, mismanistry of Defence scheme to build a futuristic aged, out-of-control and expensive military aircraft programs ever de- vised was the late-1950s British Min-  Cold War nuclear bomber so advanced that it would …

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Restored: Pima’s Peacemaker

Transporting and restoring a mammoth B-36J called for special equipment—and ingenuity. It Air and Space Museum’s newly restored Convair B-36J dominates the 80-acre outdoor display area. In fact, its nearly 47- ’s no exaggeration to say that the Pima foot-high tail towers over the other exhibits at the sprawling complex in Tucson, Arizona. The B-36 …

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Milestones: Celebrating the Birth of Carrier Aviation

Retired U.S. Navy Commander Bob Coolbaugh looked ahead—and also to the past—when he started building a replica Curtiss pusher more than two years ago. His foresight paid off this past November, when he took part in the Navy’s Centennial Ceremony at Norfolk Naval Station. The event marked the 100th anniversary of the first takeoff from …

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Aviation History Briefing- March 2011

Paul Allen’s Priceless BMW The warbird of the moment seems to be the long-neglected Focke-Wulf Fw-190, with a number of impressive restoration and replica-building projects underway or, in several cases, complete and flying. What none of the few flying Focke-Wulfs have, however, is an original BMW 801 radial engine. Some are equipped with Chinese-built copies …

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Republic’s Fleeting Masterpiece

Despite its sleek lines and unparalleled performance, there would be no pot of gold at the end of this Rainbow. In real estate, it’s location, location, location. In aircraft, it’s timing, timing, timing. Some examples proving this aphorism include the Messerschmitt Me-262, Martin-Baker MB-5, Dornier Do-335, de Havilland Comet, General Aviation GA-43 and Republic XF-12 …

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Selasa, 24 Oktober 2017

Airware: HAWX 2 and Arma II

Two new games envision next-generation warfare. The recent flight tests of a Chinese stealth fighter lend plausibility to games like Tom Clancy’s HAWX 2 ($50, requires Microsoft Windows  XP/Vista/7, 3 Ghz Pentium 4–class processor or better, 1 GB RAM, 9 GB hard drive space, 128 MB 3-D video card, Ubisoft, hawxgame.us.ubi.com). As with the original …

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Aviation History Book Review: I Wanted Wings

I Wanted Wings by Beirne Lay, Jr.  Few books had as great an influence on aviation-minded youth in the Depression as Beirne Lay Jr.’s autobiography. Enlisting as an Army Air Corps cadet in 1932, Lay piloted Curtiss and Keystone bombers, and also flew the mail after President Franklin D. Roosevelt canceled all airline mail contracts. …

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Aviation History Book Review: The Origin of the Fighter Aircraft

The Origin of the Fighter Aircraft by Jon Guttman, Westholme, Yardley, Pa., 2009, $26. No development related to World War I aviation has been more enduring than the fighter. Today’s “fighter jets” trace their lineage to the technical and tactical progress achieved in 1914-18, a period that receives ample coverage in Jon Guttman’s The Origin …

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Aviation History Book Review: Airplane Racing

Airplane Racing: A History, 1909-2008 by Don Berliner, McFarland, Jefferson, N.C., 2010, $35. This handy reference serves as the ultimate scorecard for the sport of air racing. It summarizes the particulars of virtually every major air race since the very first such contest, near Reims, France, in 1909. Don Berliner, editor of the Society of …

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Aviation History Book Review: Unmanned Combat Air Systems

Unmanned Combat Air Systems: A New Kind of Carrier Aviation by Norman Friedman, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Md., 2010, $52.95. To my knowledge, there’s no work comparable to Norman Friedman’s new book, which details the wide variety of existing UCAVs and explores the even more prominent role they’ll assume in the future. He points out …

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Aviation History Book Review: Cataclysm

Cataclysm: General Hap Arnold and the Defeat of Japan by Herman S. Wolk, University of North Texas Press, Denton, 2010, $24.95. Most of the books about U.S. Army Air Forces leaders during World War II mention General Henry H. “Hap” Arnold, but none have dealt specifically with his air strategy— until Herman S. Wolk, former …

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Aviation History Book Review: Empire of the Clouds

Empire of the Clouds: When Britain’s Aircraft Ruled the World by James Hamilton-Paterson, Faber and Faber, London, 2010, $22.78. Yes, the title is a bit hyperbolic, for British aircraft never truly reigned supreme over the entire spectrum from lightplanes to airliners to supersonic fighters and nuclear bombers. But with the could-a-been-a-contender de Havilland Comet, Mach …

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Ambush by the China Blitzers

A handful of American pilots in war-weary P-40s took on 32 Zeros over Nanning, with surprising success. As he neared the Allied air base at Nanning on April 5, 1944, Japanese navy pilot Ippei Yoshida grew uneasy. Yoshida’s air group and two others had been ordered to dive bomb and strafe the air base that …

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Tail-Sitters

What goes up must come down, and therein lay the problem with these vertical takeoff aircraft. Early in World War II, when the Allies didn’t have enough aircraft carriers to provide air cover for convoys, Axis long-range maritime reconnaissance planes could  shadow cargo ships with impunity, reporting their positions to subs and bombers. Among the …

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Bad Boy of the Air

One of the greatest early aerobatic pilots, Bert Acosta couldn’t overcome his inner demons. Early on the misty morning of June 29, 1927, the Fokker C.2 America Field as the crew prepared for their transatlantic attempt. sat idling at Roosevelt Overloaded with extra gasoline, the trimotor was little more than a flying fuel tank. To …

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Wildcats Battle Hawks Over Casablanca

In one of WWII’s more ironic spectacles, American planes fought American planes in the skies above French Morocco. The Allied invasion of Algeria and French Morocco in November 1942 was a complex and daring operation that would not have succeeded without American naval air power. U.S. Navy Task Force 34 voyaged through some 4,500 miles …

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Aviators: Angel Flight

Jimmie Angel searched Venezuela’s “Lost World” for a fabled river of gold, but all he found was a waterfall—the world’s tallest, as it turned out. Pilot and adventurer James Crawford Angel lived a life of contradictions in which reality sometimes blurred with fiction. Angel loved to spin tales  almost as much as he loved flying. …

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Restored: Pearl Harbor Sabre

Korean War rivals face off in the Pacific Aviation Museum’s new MiG Alley exhibit. In the opening round of Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto’s attack on Pearl Harbor, Japanese dive bombers hit Ford Island Naval Air Station, in the harbor’s center. One of the first bombs mangled a hangar that held Consolidated PBY flying boats. By the …

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Extremes: Boats or Floats?

U.S. Navy efforts to develop a boat-hulled amphibian in the early 1930s yielded several unusual prototypes, but ultimately came to naught. During the mid-1920s, the U.S. Navy initiated a cruiser construction program that resulted in the commissioning of 18 new ships by the end of  1939. Unlike older cruiser designs, the new vessels were capable …

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Aviation History Briefing- May 2011

Australian’s Remains and Spitfire Recovered When Royal Australian Air Force Flight Lieutenant Henry Lacy Smith’s Spitfire Mk.IXb was hit by flak during a strafing mission over Normandy five days after D-Day, he radioed,“I’m going to put this thing down in a field.” He might have lived had he been able to, but instead he went …

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Roots of a Bitter Legacy: Determined Women Were the Driving Force Behind Confederate Monuments

Ex-soldiers actually had little to do with placement of the now-familiar marble and cast-iron representations of themselves in parks and courthouse squares across the South, or of the grand equestrian spectacles honoring their leaders.

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Artists | Eyewitness to Horror

Published 35 years after his death, Goya’s The Disasters of War has etched the cruel suffering of war into our collective memory. When French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte’s troops invaded Spain in December 1807, Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes (1746–1828) had been First Court Painter to King Carlos IV for more than three decades. Goya …

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Good Morning, Vietnam

Was there anything funny about the Vietnam War? Robin Williams thought so

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A Good Fight: Fighting the Second Civil War

The 30-year effort to save Civil War battlefields from development and desecration is the “second Civil War.”

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Senin, 23 Oktober 2017

Daily Quiz for October 24, 2017

This was the first ship sank by a submarine in combat.

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Did Gen. Pershing Threaten to Execute Cowards?

I once read that Gen. Pershing threatened to execute hundreds of American soldiers for cowardice because they refused to attack machine guns across an open field.  I have searched many of his biographies and have not been able to find evidence.  Is it true?  Did this happen? Bob Shebesta   ???   Dear Mr. Shebesta, …

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So Old and Yet So New

Yiddish-English dictionary brings ancient language into the online age

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Airware: Gotha G.V Bomber

Rise of Flight add-on offers a new perspective on World War I air combat. The developers of Rise of Flight, the impressive World War I flight simulation reviewed in the January issue of Aviation History, continue to enhance that package, creating more purchasable aircraft. One recent add-on is the Gothaer Waggonfabrik Gotha G.V bomber ($15, …

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Aviation History Book Review: The Aluminum Trail

The Aluminum Trail: China-Burma-India, World War II, 1942- 1945: How and Where They Died  by Chick Marrs Quinn This is unlike any other World War II book. It has no plot, no narrative, more than 3,000 characters and 476 pages of data documenting 696 fatal airplane crashes in the China-Burma-India Theater. It gives the date …

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Aviation History Book Review: Breaking Through the Clouds

Breaking Through the Clouds: The First Women’s National Air Derby Archetypal Images, Columbia, Md., 2010, $30. You could say the First Women’s National Air Derby began as an “opener act,” meant to attract attention to the 1929 Cleveland Air Races. What quickly became known as the first “Powder Puff Derby” began in Santa Monica, Calif., …

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Aviation History Book Review: Fiat CR.42 Aces of World War 2

Fiat CR.42 Aces of World War 2 by Hakan Gustavsson and Ludovico Slongo, Osprey Publishing, Oxford, England, 2009, $22.95.  When contests are held for the most beautiful fighter of World War II, there are many votes for the Supermarine Spitfire, FockeWulf Fw-190, Messerschmitt Me-262 and others. But if the contest was narrowed down to WWII’s …

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Aviation History Book Review: Mission to Berlin

Mission to Berlin: The American Airmen Who Struck the Heart of Hitler’s Reich  by Robert F. Dorr, Zenith, Minneapolis, 2011, $28.  Bob Dorr follows up on his well-received book Hell Hawks (co-authored by Thomas Jones) with this masterpiece, which details the famous February 3, 1945, American daylight raid on Berlin. In doing so, Dorr has …

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Aviation History Book Review: AMARG

AMARG: America’s Military Aircraft Boneyard by Nicholas A. Veronico and Ron Strong, Specialty Press, North Branch, Minn., 2010, $24.95.  The sight of more than 4,000 military aircraft at parade rest in Arizona’s desert is mind-boggling. There are bombers, fighters and transports that date from World War II to those of recent jet vintage (see related …

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Aviation History Book Review: How the Helicopter Changed Modern Warfare

How the Helicopter Changed Modern Warfare by Walter J. Boyne, Pelican Publishing Co., Gretna, La., 2011, $29.95.  In his outstanding history of the helicopter’s contributions to the last 60 years of warfare, renowned aviation historian (and Aviation History contributing editor) Walter Boyne contends that choppers are the neglected stepchild in the family of military aircraft. …

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The Boneyard of AMARG

The world’s second-largest air force stretches wing to wing across four square miles of Arizona desert. Aged fighters, bombers and support aircraft—many of them decades old—stand in neat rows as far as the eye can see. Warm winds stir flapping pieces of canvas and whistle across loose antenna wires. Tufts of dried brown grass sprinkle …

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Above the Roof of the World

The 1933 Houston-Westland flight over Mount Everest took British imperial derring-do to new heights. Twenty years before Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay became the first men to set foot on the 29,029-foot summit of Mount Everest on May 29, 1953, intrepid British aviators had looked down on its untrodden snows from two single-engine biplanes. The …

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How the Luftwaffe Kept ’em Flying

Without efficient maintenance, the vaunted German aces would never have gotten off the ground. The Messerschmitt Me-110C-5 circled the airstrip once, came in for a smooth landing on the desert sand and taxied to what passed for a flight line, trailing a huge cloud of dust. Cutting the engines, its pilot and gunner climbed down …

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James McCudden-The Perfect Soldier

“Shooting genius” James McCudden owed his success in aerial combat to precision, patience and perseverance. At 14,000 feet, the air above Armentières, France, was thin and cold, but that didn’t bother British Captain James McCudden on September 19, 1917. His full attention was focused on a black spot below, a German Rumpler two-seater he was …

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Superbomber’s Achilles’ Heel

Long revered as the airplane that won the Pacific War, the B-29 was a cranky, complex machine with a fire-prone engine. Growing up during World War II, my vivid window on a world afire was Life magazine, the gritty, you-are-there, large-format photojournalism pioneer. “The Mighty Superfortress” became a star in Life’s firmament as soon as …

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Extremes: Engineering Overkill

Germany’s “Bomber B” program probably contributed more to victory than any other Luftwaffe project—Allied victory, that is. The Germans have long been known for their engineering genius, but it could sometimes be carried to counterproductive extremes. Such was the case  with the “Bomber B” program initiated in July 1939, an extremely ambitious project to replace …

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Restored: Last of the Breed

An old-time bush pilot holds the line on Maine’s Moosehead Lake. A tall, lean, weathered woodsman with trim white beard, Roger Currier is one of the last of the old-time Maine bush pilots. He still plies his craft  from Greenville Junction, on Moosehead Lake, using a fleet of vintage radial-engine aircraft that he personally restored …

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Aviators: Testing B-29s on the Fly

Flying Superforts fresh from the assembly line could be a dangerous job. Copilot Norman Jacobshagen raised the alarm at the end of the three- hour test flight. After flipping the switch to lower the B-29’s landing  gear, he called over the intercom, “Ken, the indicator light isn’t coming on.”Jacobshagen flicked the switch up and down …

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Milestones: The First Airliner to Go Supersonic

No, it wasn’t the Concorde, nor was it the Tupolev Tu-144 “Koncordski.” The first airliner to exceed Mach 1 was a near-stock Douglas DC-8. And just to rub it in, the Diesel Eight carried the livery of a Canadian airline: Canadian Pacific. It happened five decades ago, 15 years before the Concorde would carry its …

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Aviation History Briefing- September 2011

Kiwi P-40C Takes Wing The C model of the evergreen Curtiss P-40 was a rare bird. Only 193 were built, a tiny percentage of the nearly 14,000 P-40s of all marks. Often derided as obsolete, the P-40 continued to be manufactured even while North American, Lockheed and Republic were churning out superior fighters, so the …

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Minggu, 22 Oktober 2017

October 23, 2002: Hostage crisis in Moscow theater

On October 23, 2002, about 50 Chechen rebels storm a Moscow theater, taking up to 700 people hostage during a sold-out performance of a popular musical.

The second act of the musical “Nord Ost” was just beginning at the Moscow Ball-Bearing Plant’s Palace of Culture when an armed man walked onstage and fired a machine gun into the air. The terrorists—including a number of women with explosives strapped to their bodies—identified themselves as members of the Chechen Army. They had one demand: that Russian military forces begin an immediate and complete withdrawal from Chechnya, the war-torn region located north of the Caucasus Mountains.

Chechnya, with its predominately Muslim population, had long struggled to assert its independence. A disastrous two-year war ended in 1996, but Russian forces returned to the region just three years later after Russian authorities blamed Chechens for a series of bombings in Russia. In 2000, President Vladimir Putin was elected partly because of his hard-line position towards Chechnya and his public vow not to negotiate with terrorists.

After a 57-hour-standoff at the Palace of Culture, during which two hostages were killed, Russian special forces surrounded and raided the theater on the morning of October 26. Later it was revealed that they had pumped a powerful narcotic gas into the building, knocking nearly all of the terrorists and hostages unconscious before breaking into the walls and roof and entering through underground sewage tunnels. Most of the guerrillas and 120 hostages were killed during the raid. Security forces were later forced to defend the decision to use the dangerous gas, saying that only a complete surprise attack could have disarmed the terrorists before they had time to detonate their explosives.

After the theater crisis, Putin’s government clamped down even harder on Chechnya, drawing accusations of kidnapping, torture and other atrocities. In response, Chechen rebels continued their terrorist attacks on Russian soil, including an alleged suicide bombing in a Moscow subway in February 2004 and another major hostage crisis at a Beslan school that September.



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Daily Quiz for October 23, 2017

He was the last President of the United States who did not have a college degree.

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October 22, 1962: Cuban Missile Crisis

In a televised speech of extraordinary gravity, President John F. Kennedy announces that U.S. spy planes have discovered Soviet missile bases in Cuba. These missile sites—under construction but nearing completion—housed medium-range missiles capable of striking a number of major cities in the United States, including Washington, D.C. Kennedy announced that he was ordering a naval “quarantine” of Cuba to prevent Soviet ships from transporting any more offensive weapons to the island and explained that the United States would not tolerate the existence of the missile sites currently in place. The president made it clear that America would not stop short of military action to end what he called a “clandestine, reckless, and provocative threat to world peace.”

What is known as the Cuban Missile Crisis actually began on October 15, 1962—the day that U.S. intelligence personnel analyzing U-2 spy plane data discovered that the Soviets were building medium-range missile sites in Cuba. The next day, President Kennedy secretly convened an emergency meeting of his senior military, political, and diplomatic advisers to discuss the ominous development. The group became known as ExCom, short for Executive Committee. After rejecting a surgical air strike against the missile sites, ExCom decided on a naval quarantine and a demand that the bases be dismantled and missiles removed. On the night of October 22, Kennedy went on national television to announce his decision. During the next six days, the crisis escalated to a breaking point as the world tottered on the brink of nuclear war between the two superpowers.

On October 23, the quarantine of Cuba began, but Kennedy decided to give Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev more time to consider the U.S. action by pulling the quarantine line back 500 miles. By October 24, Soviet ships en route to Cuba capable of carrying military cargoes appeared to have slowed down, altered, or reversed their course as they approached the quarantine, with the exception of one ship—the tanker Bucharest. At the request of more than 40 nonaligned nations, U.N. Secretary-General U Thant sent private appeals to Kennedy and Khrushchev, urging that their governments “refrain from any action that may aggravate the situation and bring with it the risk of war.” At the direction of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, U.S. military forces went to DEFCON 2, the highest military alert ever reached in the postwar era, as military commanders prepared for full-scale war with the Soviet Union.

On October 25, the aircraft carrier USS Essex and the destroyer USS Gearing attempted to intercept the Soviet tanker Bucharest as it crossed over the U.S. quarantine of Cuba. The Soviet ship failed to cooperate, but the U.S. Navy restrained itself from forcibly seizing the ship, deeming it unlikely that the tanker was carrying offensive weapons. On October 26, Kennedy learned that work on the missile bases was proceeding without interruption, and ExCom considered authorizing a U.S. invasion of Cuba. The same day, the Soviets transmitted a proposal for ending the crisis: The missile bases would be removed in exchange for a U.S. pledge not to invade Cuba.

The next day, however, Khrushchev upped the ante by publicly calling for the dismantling of U.S. missile bases in Turkey under pressure from Soviet military commanders. While Kennedy and his crisis advisers debated this dangerous turn in negotiations, a U-2 spy plane was shot down over Cuba, and its pilot, Major Rudolf Anderson, was killed. To the dismay of the Pentagon, Kennedy forbid a military retaliation unless any more surveillance planes were fired upon over Cuba. To defuse the worsening crisis, Kennedy and his advisers agreed to dismantle the U.S. missile sites in Turkey but at a later date, in order to prevent the protest of Turkey, a key NATO member.

On October 28, Khrushchev announced his government̢۪s intent to dismantle and remove all offensive Soviet weapons in Cuba. With the airing of the public message on Radio Moscow, the USSR confirmed its willingness to proceed with the solution secretly proposed by the Americans the day before. In the afternoon, Soviet technicians began dismantling the missile sites, and the world stepped back from the brink of nuclear war. The Cuban Missile Crisis was effectively over. In November, Kennedy called off the blockade, and by the end of the year all the offensive missiles had left Cuba. Soon after, the United States quietly removed its missiles from Turkey.

The Cuban Missile Crisis seemed at the time a clear victory for the United States, but Cuba emerged from the episode with a much greater sense of security.The removal of antiquated Jupiter missiles from Turkey had no detrimental effect on U.S. nuclear strategy, but the Cuban Missile Crisis convinced a humiliated USSR to commence a massive nuclear buildup. In the 1970s, the Soviet Union reached nuclear parity with the United States and built intercontinental ballistic missiles capable of striking any city in the United States.

A succession of U.S. administrations honored Kennedy̢۪s pledge not to invade Cuba, and relations with the communist island nation situated just 80 miles from Florida remained a thorn in the side of U.S. foreign policy for more than 50 years. In 2015, officials from both nations announced the formal normalization of relations between the U.S and Cuba, which included the easing of travel restrictions and the opening of embassies and diplomatic missions in both countries.



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Sabtu, 21 Oktober 2017

Daily Quiz for October 22, 2017

This was the last movie the legendary Jack Warner produced.

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Jumat, 20 Oktober 2017

October 21, 1959: Guggenheim Museum opens in New York City

On this day in 1959, on New York City’s Fifth Avenue, thousands of people line up outside a bizarrely shaped white concrete building that resembled a giant upside-down cupcake. It was opening day at the new Guggenheim Museum, home to one of the world’s top collections of contemporary art.

Mining tycoon Solomon R. Guggenheim began collecting art seriously when he retired in the 1930s. With the help of Hilla Rebay, a German baroness and artist, Guggenheim displayed his purchases for the first time in 1939 in a former car showroom in New York. Within a few years, the collection—including works by Vasily Kandinsky, Paul Klee and Marc Chagall—had outgrown the small space. In 1943, Rebay contacted architect Frank Lloyd Wright and asked him to take on the work of designing not just a museum, but a “temple of spirit,” where people would learn to see art in a new way.

Over the next 16 years, until his death six months before the museum opened, Wright worked to bring his unique vision to life. To Wright’s fans, the museum that opened on October 21, 1959, was a work of art in itself. Inside, a long ramp spiraled upwards for a total of a quarter-mile around a large central rotunda, topped by a domed glass ceiling. Reflecting Wright’s love of nature, the 50,000-meter space resembled a giant seashell, with each room opening fluidly into the next.

Wright’s groundbreaking design drew criticism as well as admiration. Some felt the oddly-shaped building didn’t complement the artwork. They complained the museum was less about art and more about Frank Lloyd Wright. On the flip side, many others thought the architect had achieved his goal: a museum where building and art work together to create “an uninterrupted, beautiful symphony.”

Located on New York’s impressive Museum Mile, at the edge of Central Park, the Guggenheim has become one of the city’s most popular attractions. In 1993, the original building was renovated and expanded to create even more exhibition space. Today, Wright’s creation continues to inspire awe, as well as odd comparisons—a Jello mold! a washing machine! a pile of twisted ribbon!—for many of the 900,000-plus visitors who visit the Guggenheim each year.



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Daily Quiz for October 21, 2017

She was youngest first lady of the United States.

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Airware: Black Ops and Medal of Honor

A pair of hit games jump into the modern era. Two popular action series in computer gaming, Medal of Honor from Electronic Arts and Call of Duty from Activision, debuted in WWII settings, treading a line between historical and fictional events. They’ve long been popular with gamers, but when Call of Duty jumped into the …

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Aviation History Book Review: The Red Knight of Germany

The Red Knight of Germany: The Story of Baron von Richthofen by Floyd Gibbons Two dollars doesn’t seem like much today, but it was a whole lot of dough in 1947, when I plunked it down at Amatin’s bookshop in St. Louis for a well-worn copy of The Red Knight of Germany. It was the …

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Aviation History Book Review: Mustang Aces of the 357th Fighter Group

Mustang Aces of the 357th Fighter Group by Chris Bucholtz, Osprey Publishing, Oxford, England, 2010, $22.95. Word has it that Osprey is ceasing its “Elite Aviation Units” series, but there may be a way around that—if the unit produced enough outstanding fighter pilots to rate inclusion in the original “Aircraft of the Aces” series. Chris …

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Aviation History Book Review: Mirage III VS MIG-21

Mirage III VS MIG-21: Six Day War 1967  by Shlomo Aloni, Osprey Publishing, Oxford, England, 2010, $17.95. Developed more or less in parallel, the Soviet-built Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21F and the French-produced Dassault Mirage IIICJ (called Shahak, or “Sky Blazer,” by its Israeli pilots) were arguably as closely comparable in performance as Mach 2 interceptors ever got …

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Aviation History Book Review: The Tuskegee Airmen

The Tuskegee Airmen, An Illustrated History: 1939-1949 by Joseph Caver, Jerome Ennels and Daniel Haulman, New South Books, Montgomery, Ala., 2011, $27.95. When I initially leafed through this picture book, a reproduction of a 1942 letter to the War Department by a graduate of the Civilian Pilot Training Program caught my eye. The writer had …

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Aviation History Book Review: My New Guinea Diary

My New Guinea Diary by Staff Sergeant Pilot Ernest C. Ford, White Stag Press, Roseville, Calif., 2010, $19.95.  This book is remarkable for a number of reasons. It is filled with detail—almost daily diary entries relating the wartime experiences of “Ernie” Ford. These are of particular interest because of the dearth of material on noncommissioned …

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Aviation History Book Review: The Flight of the Century

The Flight of the Century: Charles Lindbergh and the Rise of American Aviation by Thomas Kessner, Oxford University Press, 2010, $27.95.  It’s difficult to imagine how anything new could be written about Charles Lindbergh. But Thomas Kessner has examined his subject more deeply than any other biographer, crafting a portrait of a very complex human …

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Aviation History Book Review: Boeing- The Complete Story

Boeing: The Complete Story by Alain Pelletier, Quayside Publishing, Minneapolis, Minn., 2010, $44.95.  Boeing is the largest aerospace company in the United States and one of the key players in the aerospace industry throughout the world. Renowned worldwide for its highly successful line of commercial airliners, as well as for its military transports and strategic …

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Colorful Characters in the Cockpit

Beginning a century ago, aviation-minded youngsters found inspiration in aerial adventure stories. Today’s kids can play interactive games online or fire up their Xboxes to experience the thrill of flight. But before the advent of electronic gadgets, youngsters got their aviation thrills from the likes of Rex Lee, Ted Scott and Dave Dawson, just a …

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Workhorse of the Fleet

Vought’s versatile Kingfisher served as a gun spotter, patrol plane, anti-submarine scout, utility transport and trainer, but downed aircrews remembered it best as an “angel on floats” Legendary World War I ace Eddie Rickenbacker owed his life to a Vought OS2U Kingfisher. After the B-17 in which he was flying ditched in the Pacific in …

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A Life on the Cutting Edge

Fairchild Aviation’s visionary founder valued innovation above all else. Sherman Fairchild seemed born to tinker with mechanical devices. When his parents gave him a camera for his 9th birthday, he didn’t take pictures with it; he took it apart to see how it worked. His father, George, ran a business that made time clocks, the …

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Old-Fashioned Turkey Shoot

The greatest aircraft carrier battle of all time devolved into a one-sided slaughter in which Japanese attackers served as little more than targets. “Vector 245 degrees, distance 60 miles.” The message from USS Essex’s combat information center crackled through the radio of Air Group 15 commander David McCampbell. He was leading 10 Grumman F6F-3 Hellcats …

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Aviators: An American Stork

The top gun in France’s squadron of aces in 1918 wasn’t a Frenchman. Escadrille Spa.3, known as “Les Cigognes” for the stork emblem on the sides of its airplanes, was the most famous squadron in the French air service during World War I. It was credited with the most enemy planes—175—and boasted some of France’s …

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Restored: Corky’s Avenger

A legendary test pilot brings a long-abandoned TBM back to life. Restoring a World War II aircraft is such a major undertaking that few but fanatical hobbyists or professional mechanics are willing to take it  on. Pilot Corwin H. “Corky” Meyer not only tackled such a project, he picked an Eastern Aircraft TBM Avenger, a …

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Extremes: Flying Ships

Russian dreams of gigantic ground-effect planes are dead in the water. The story of modern transportation is littered with vehicles that were supposed to be game-changers but that invariably became yet more deposits in the dustbin of history. Maglev trains, monorails, superblimps, Segways, jetpacks, hovercraft, hydrofoils, skycycles, flying cars… the list goes on. One of …

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Aviation History Briefing- November 2011

Twin Mustang Prototype to Fly Again Truth be told, the North American F-82 wasn’t just two mated Mus- tangs. Most of us who have never gotten our hands greasy on one have assumed the very-long-range postwar twin was simply two P-51 fuselages riveted to a wing center section and horizontal stabilizer.“We’ve found that there are …

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The Boeing Century

During its 100-year history, William Boeing’s company has developed many of the most iconic airplanes ever to take to the sky. The world’s largest aerospace company grew from a single simple, angular, twin-float seaplane: the 1916 B&W Model 1. Every successful company has to start somewhere, but the remarkable thing about Pacific Aero Products—today known as …

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Curtiss P-40 Warhawk: One of WW II’s Most Famous Fighters

Thanks to its sleek looks and its brilliant use by the American Volunteer Group in China, the P-40 was one of World War II's most famous fighters -- but far from the best.

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Kamis, 19 Oktober 2017

Andrews Celebrates U.S. Air Force 70th

After a year off due to budget restrictions, the Joint Base Andrews Air Show was held at Andrews Air Force Base outside Washing­ton, D.C., on September 16-17, 2017. Spec­tators at the free airshow were treated to military aircraft displays, aerobatic routines, warbird flybys and a rousing performance by the U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds in celebration …

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November 2017 Table of Contents

The November 2017 issue features a cover story about the 1781 Anglo-French battle for the Channel Island of Jersey

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